Research

Unpublished

  • Sönning, Lukas & Timo Roettger. (forthcoming). Reproducibility, replication, and preregistration. In Stefan Hartmann & Laura J. Speed (eds.), Handbook of language and cognition. Bloomsbury. Submitted manuscript | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas. (forthcoming). Down-sampling strategies in corpus phonology. Chapter for: Philipp Meer & Ulrike Gut (eds.) English corpus phonetics and phonology: Current approaches and future directions Submitted manuscript | Data | OSF

  • Schützler, Ole, Lukas Sönning, Fabian Vetter & Manfred Krug. (forthcoming). The morpho-syntax of Standard Scottish English: Questionnaire-based insights. English World-Wide. doi: 10.1075/eww.25042.sch | Submitted manuscript | Poster | Data | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas. (forthcoming). Count regression models for keyness analysis. Chapter for: Carolin Cholotta & Christine Renker (eds.), META-LING 2023 - Methodological Exploration and Technological Advances in Linguistics Accepted manuscript | OSF

  • Mühlbauer, Michael & Lukas Sönning. (under review). Ordinal random forests in language data analysis. Submitted manuscript | Poster | Data

  • Sönning, Lukas, Fabian Vetter & Manfred Krug. (in preparation). Distributional latent-variable modeling of ordinal language data. Working paper | Poster | Data | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas. (in preparation). Questionnaire design in research on linguistic variation.

  • Sönning, Lukas. (unpublished manuscript). Evaluation of text-level measures of lexical dispersion: Robustness and consistency. Working paper | Data | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas, Jason Grafmiller & Raquel Romasanta. (unpublished manuscript). Regression and random forests: Synergies for variationist corpus research. Working paper | OSF

 

Published

Monograph

Journal articles

Edited volumes

  • Werner, Valentin, Ole Schützler, Julia Schlüter, Gabriele Knappe, Lukas Sönning & Fabian Vetter. 2026. Juggling intra- and extra-linguistic factors in the study of variation and change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

  • Sönning, Lukas & Ole Schützler (eds.). 2023. Data visualization in corpus linguistics: Reflections and future directions (Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English; No. 22). University of Helsinki: VARIENG. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:varieng:series-22

  • Sönning, Lukas & Valentin Werner. 2021. The replication crisis: Implications for linguistics. Special issue in Linguistics. Open access

  • Christ, Hanna, Daniel Klenovšak, Lukas Sönning & Valentin Werner (eds.). 2016. A blend of MaLT: Selected contributions from the Methods and Linguistic Theories Symposium. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press. Open access

Book chapters

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2026. Juggling internal and external factors when modeling natural language data. In Valentin Werner, Ole Schützler, Julia Schlüter, Gabriele Knappe, Lukas Sönning & Fabian Vetter (eds.), Juggling intra- and extra-linguistic factors in the study of variation and change, 421–450. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/9783112208281-015 | Accepted manuscript

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2026. Dispersion analysis. In Hilary Nesi & Petar Milin (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 3rd edition. Volume 12. 121–127- Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-95504-1.01496-4 | Submitted manuscript | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2023. Drawing on principles of perception: The line plot. In Lukas Sönning & Ole Schützler (eds.), Data visualization in corpus linguistics: Reflections and future directions (Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English; No. 22). University of Helsinki: VARIENG. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:varieng:series-22-2 | Preprint | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2023. (Re-)viewing the acquisition of rhythm in the light of L2 phonological theories. In Robert Fuchs (ed.), Speech rhythm in learner and second language varieties of English, 123–157. Singapore: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-8940-7_6 | Preprint | Data | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas & Manfred Krug. 2022. Comparing study designs and down-sampling strategies in corpus analysis: The importance of speaker metadata in the BNCs of 1994 and 2014. In Ole Schützler & Julia Schlüter (eds.), Data and methods in corpus linguistics: Comparative approaches, 127–159. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781108589314.006 | Published version | Data | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas & Julia Schlüter. 2022. Comparing standard reference corpora and Google Books Ngrams: Strengths, limitations and synergies in the contrastive study of variable h- in British and American English. In Ole Schützler & Julia Schlüter (eds.), Data and methods in corpus linguistics: Comparative approaches, 17–45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781108589314.002 | Published version | OSF

  • Krug, Manfred & Lukas Sönning. 2018. Language change in Maltese English: The influence of age and parental languages. In: Patrizia Paggio & Albert Gatt (eds.), The languages of Malta, 247–270. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1181801 | Open access

Proceedings

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2016. The dot plot: A graphical tool for data analysis and presentation. In Hanna Christ, Daniel Klenovšak, Lukas Sönning & Valentin Werner (eds.), A blend of MaLT: Selected contributions from the Methods and Linguistic Theories Symposium, 101–129. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press. Open access

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2014. Developmental patterns in the reduction of unstressed vowels by German learners of English. In Ludmila Veselovská & Markéta Janebová (eds.), Complex visibles out there: Proceedings of the Olomouc Linguistics Colloquium 2014: Language use and linguistic structure, vol. 4 Olomouc modern language series, 765–778. Olomouc: Palacký University. Open access | OSF

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2013. Scrabble yourself to success: Methods in teaching transcription. In Joanna Przedlacka, John Maidment & Michael Ashby (eds.), Proceedings of the Phonetics Teaching and Learning Conference, UCL, London, 8-10 August 2013. London: Phonetics Teaching and Learning Conference, 87–90. Open access | OSF | Data

Software

 

Datasets

  • Krug, Manfred, Fabian Vetter & Lukas Sönning. 2026. Background data for: Distributional latent-variable modeling of ordinal language data. Zenodo, V1. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19606962

  • Krug, Manfred, Ole Schützler, Fabian Vetter & Lukas Sönning. 2026. Background data for: The morpho-syntax of Scottish Standard English: Questionnaire-based insights. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/B3NJBT

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2025. Background data for: An analysis of bar chart usage in corpus data visualization. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/ILJY4U

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2025. Background data for: Down-sampling strategies in corpus phonology. Zenodo, V1. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17877929

  • Krug, Manfred, Fabian Vetter & Lukas Sönning. 2025. Background data for: Ordinal random forests in language data analysis. Zenodo, V2. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18020809

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2025. Background data for: Random forests in corpus research: A systematic review. Zenodo, V1. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17755086

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2025. Background data for: Case-control down-sampling in corpus research. Zenodo, V2. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17877420

  • Braun, Albert & Lukas Sönning. 2025. The comparative and superlative alternation in 1960s and 1970s written British English: Data from Braun (1982). DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/4Z7OJG

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2025. Biber et al.’s (2016) set of 150 BNC items for the analysis of dispersion measures: Dataset for “Evaluation of text-level measures of lexical dispersion. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/ATCQZW

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2024. Background data for: Advancing our understanding of dispersion measures in corpus research. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/FVHTFM

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2024. Background data for: Some obstacles to replication in corpus linguistics. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/7LNWJX

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2024. Background data for: Ordinal response scales: Psychometric grounding for design and analysis. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/0VLSLW

  • Krug, Manfred, Fabian Vetter & Lukas Sönning. 2024. Background data for: Latent-variable modeling of ordinal outcomes in language data analysis. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/WI9TEH

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2023. Background data (adapted from Jenset & McGillivray 2017) for: Down-sampling from hierarchically structured corpus data. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/5KCE4U

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2023. Key verbs in academic writing: Dataset for “Evaluation of keyness metrics: Performance and reliability”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/EUXSMW

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2022. Speech rhythm in German Learner English: Dataset for “(Re-)viewing the acquisition of rhythm in the light of L2 phonological theories”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/GTI2BR

  • Sönning, Lukas & Manfred Krug. 2021. Actually in contemporary British speech: Data from the Spoken BNC corpora. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/A3SATC

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2022. Dataset for “Scrabble yourself to success: Methods in teaching transcription”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/2UJHHU

Dissertation

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2021. The TRAP-DRESS contrast in German Learner English: Dataset for chapter 4 in “Phonological variation in German Learner English”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/ATIRRV

  • Sönning, Lukas. 2021. Clear vs. dark /l/ in German Learner English: Dataset for chapter 5 in “Phonological variation in German Learner English”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/G6PJ5F

  • Sönning, Lukas, Graham Pascoe, Isabel Rank and Christina Wunder. 2021. English /r/ in German Learner English: Dataset for chapter 6 in “Phonological variation in German Learner English”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/YDKDFG

  • Sönning, Lukas, Graham Pascoe, Isabel Rank and Christina Wunder. 2021. The labio-velar glide /w/ in German Learner English: Dataset for chapter 7 in “Phonological variation in German Learner English”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/F1A34O

  • Sönning, Lukas & Isabel Rank. 2021. The labiodental fricative /v/ in German Learner English: Dataset for chapter 8 in “Phonological variation in German Learner English”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/B276ZX

  • Sönning, Lukas, Graham Pascoe & Christina Wunder. 2021. The voiced dental fricative in German Learner English: Dataset for chapter 9 in “Phonological variation in German Learner English”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/DYAGZG

  • Sönning, Lukas & Graham Pascoe. 2021. Final voiced obstruents in German Learner English: Dataset for chapter 10 in “Phonological variation in German Learner English”. DataverseNO, V1. https://doi.org/10.18710/DKIGE5